Sara S
11-28-2011, 07:37 AM
from delancyplace.com:
In today's excerpt - there are over ten trillion cells in the human body - some
estimates are far higher - and one hundred billion in the brain alone, yet all these
are disproportionately affected and governed by the eighty thousand spindle cells
that are involved in handling emotion and moral judgment. (Spindle cells are found
in abundance in the anterior cingulate cortex, which has strong connections to the
amygdala - the site where our first emotional judgments begin):
"[We are attempting] to [better] understand how human brains differ from those of
other mammals. The answer is that the differences are slight but critical, and they
help us discern how the brain processes emotion and related feelings. ... [A] key
distinguishing feature is that emotionally charged situations appear to be handled
by special cells called spindle cells, which are found only in humans and some great
apes. These neural cells are large, with long neural filaments called apical dendrites
that connect extensive signals from many other brain regions. This type of 'deep'
interconnectedness, in which certain neurons provide connections across numerous
regions, is a feature that occurs increasingly as we go up the evolu*tionary ladder.
It is not surprising that the spindle cells, involved as they are in handling emotion
and moral judgment, would have this form of deep inter*connectedness, given the
complexity of our emotional reactions.
"What is startling, however, is how few spindle cells there are: only about 80,000
in the human brain (about 45,000 in the right hemi*sphere and 35,000 in the left
hemisphere). This disparity appears to account for the perception that emotional
intelligence is the province of the right brain, although the disproportion is modest.
Gorillas have about 16,000 of these cells, bonobos about 2,100, and chimpanzees
about 1,800. Other mammals lack them completely. ...
"These findings [regarding spindle cells and related activities] are consistent
with a growing consensus that our emotions are closely linked to areas of the brain
that contain maps of the body, a view promoted by Dr. Anto*nio Damasio at the University
of Iowa. They are also consistent with the view that a great deal of our thinking
is directed toward our bodies: protecting and enhancing them, as well as attending
to their myriad needs and desires.
"A tiny area at the front of the right insula [of the brain] is called the fronto-insular
cortex. This is the region containing the spindle cells, and fMRI scans have revealed
that it is particularly active when a person is dealing with high-level emotions
such as love, anger, sadness, and sexual desire. Situations that strongly activate
the spindle cells include when a subject looks at her romantic partner or hears
her child crying. ...
"Interestingly, spindle cells do not exist in newborn humans but begin to appear
only at around the age of four months and increase significantly from ages one
to three. Children's ability to deal with moral issues and perceive such higher-level
emotions as love develop during this same time period.
"The spindle cells gain their power from the deep interconnectedness of their long
apical dendrites with many other brain regions. The high-level emo*tions that the
spindle cells process are affected, thereby, by all of our perceptual and cognitive
regions. ... It is remarkable how few neurons appear to be exclusively involved
with these emotions. We have fifty billion neurons in the cerebellum that deal with
skill formation, billions in the cortex that perform the transformations for perception
and rational planning, but only about eighty thousand spindle cells dealing with
high-level emotions. It is important to point out that the spindle cells are not
doing rational problem solving, which is why we don't have rational control over
our responses to music or over falling in love."
Author: Ray Kurzweil
Title: The Singularity is Near
Publisher: Penguin
Date: Copyright 2005 by Ray Kurzweil
Pages: 191-194
The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology
by Ray Kurzweil by The Viking Press
Hardcover
In today's excerpt - there are over ten trillion cells in the human body - some
estimates are far higher - and one hundred billion in the brain alone, yet all these
are disproportionately affected and governed by the eighty thousand spindle cells
that are involved in handling emotion and moral judgment. (Spindle cells are found
in abundance in the anterior cingulate cortex, which has strong connections to the
amygdala - the site where our first emotional judgments begin):
"[We are attempting] to [better] understand how human brains differ from those of
other mammals. The answer is that the differences are slight but critical, and they
help us discern how the brain processes emotion and related feelings. ... [A] key
distinguishing feature is that emotionally charged situations appear to be handled
by special cells called spindle cells, which are found only in humans and some great
apes. These neural cells are large, with long neural filaments called apical dendrites
that connect extensive signals from many other brain regions. This type of 'deep'
interconnectedness, in which certain neurons provide connections across numerous
regions, is a feature that occurs increasingly as we go up the evolu*tionary ladder.
It is not surprising that the spindle cells, involved as they are in handling emotion
and moral judgment, would have this form of deep inter*connectedness, given the
complexity of our emotional reactions.
"What is startling, however, is how few spindle cells there are: only about 80,000
in the human brain (about 45,000 in the right hemi*sphere and 35,000 in the left
hemisphere). This disparity appears to account for the perception that emotional
intelligence is the province of the right brain, although the disproportion is modest.
Gorillas have about 16,000 of these cells, bonobos about 2,100, and chimpanzees
about 1,800. Other mammals lack them completely. ...
"These findings [regarding spindle cells and related activities] are consistent
with a growing consensus that our emotions are closely linked to areas of the brain
that contain maps of the body, a view promoted by Dr. Anto*nio Damasio at the University
of Iowa. They are also consistent with the view that a great deal of our thinking
is directed toward our bodies: protecting and enhancing them, as well as attending
to their myriad needs and desires.
"A tiny area at the front of the right insula [of the brain] is called the fronto-insular
cortex. This is the region containing the spindle cells, and fMRI scans have revealed
that it is particularly active when a person is dealing with high-level emotions
such as love, anger, sadness, and sexual desire. Situations that strongly activate
the spindle cells include when a subject looks at her romantic partner or hears
her child crying. ...
"Interestingly, spindle cells do not exist in newborn humans but begin to appear
only at around the age of four months and increase significantly from ages one
to three. Children's ability to deal with moral issues and perceive such higher-level
emotions as love develop during this same time period.
"The spindle cells gain their power from the deep interconnectedness of their long
apical dendrites with many other brain regions. The high-level emo*tions that the
spindle cells process are affected, thereby, by all of our perceptual and cognitive
regions. ... It is remarkable how few neurons appear to be exclusively involved
with these emotions. We have fifty billion neurons in the cerebellum that deal with
skill formation, billions in the cortex that perform the transformations for perception
and rational planning, but only about eighty thousand spindle cells dealing with
high-level emotions. It is important to point out that the spindle cells are not
doing rational problem solving, which is why we don't have rational control over
our responses to music or over falling in love."
Author: Ray Kurzweil
Title: The Singularity is Near
Publisher: Penguin
Date: Copyright 2005 by Ray Kurzweil
Pages: 191-194
The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology
by Ray Kurzweil by The Viking Press
Hardcover